The reality of American dream

Abstract In the early 1900s, most of the labor unions within the American Federation of Labor did not like immigrant. Therefore, they worked towards discouraging immigration. This ensured that they implemented and adopted strict immigration policies and resolutions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The reality of American dream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rise in unemployment forced the US government to suspend immigration for about five years even though there were still certain exceptions. Individuals immigrated to the US in search for a better life in the post independence period. Some were from Germany, France, Italy, Greece and the Netherlands. The influx of the large number of immigrants made the living condition hard for some immigrant as they struggled to make ends meet (Gabaccia, 7). Introduction Between 1900 and 1920, the American Congress established system that allowed migrants from d ifferent ethnic groups to live in the United States. Some groups such as the Asian population were not included in this system. The government encouraged the immigration of the population whose labor and skills were required in the United States. In the mid 1920s, the government adopted border controls. This was meant to scrutinize migration of individual from Canada and Mexico due to security concerns. Immigration dropped significantly between 1925 and 1945. Therefore, the US government allowed immigrants who were displaced after the WWII. This was after the US revised its immigration policy. In 1952, the government enacted a bill that gave the populations from every ethnic group a chance to enter the US. In 1965, a relative need system was adopted to allow entrance for family members for labor and political asylum reasons. As a result, illegal immigration was experienced. The government through the congress implemented legislation that allowed persons that facilitated illegal migr ation to be punished. In 1990, the Congress voted against the limitation of entrance against certain groups based on ideologies, beliefs and associations. It was also concluded that lawful immigration was to increase by 40% every year. By 1996, the border security between the United States and Latin America was reinforced to deal with illegal immigration. Fences were added in boarder areas with heavy traffic, and severe punishments for aiding or harboring illegal migrants were put in place. Sinclair Upton indicates how most of the immigrant faced difficult living conditions in his book, The Jungle. Life was not easy for most immigrants. Some employers offered low wages on very hazardous conditions. The housing in the urban was overcrowded with very unsanitary conditions, and some of the immigrants did not accept the conditions (Sinclair, 23). One Italian old said:Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I came to America because I heard that the streets were paved with Gold. When I got here, I found out three things: first, the streets were not paved with gold; second, they were not paved at all; and third, I was expected to pave them (Parker, 15). Although the streets were harsh, only a few gave up and returned home. Findings The memory of the migrant workers is best seen on the images dust bowl migrants in John Steinbeck’s best selling books, The Grapes Of Wrath. The book is dominated by the immigrant labor status during the Great Depression era. Migrant workers travelled to the country way long before the beginning of the depression era and continued to do so after the depression. In the late 1930s, there was a significant inflow of immigrant population in the US. The immigrants were looking for jobs in the US. The immigrants who worked in California were displaced by the dust ball migrants. Migrant workers were common along the west coast. For instance , those who came from Mexico were employed on the plantations. The Blacks from the southern states and some whites were employed in the coastal region of the Atlantic. This was in the difficult Florida’s Everglades winter months and the northern states during the summer. At the beginning of the 1920s, the great depression the working conditions for workers in the agricultural nations worsened the workers already difficult situations and even farmers were faced with very difficult times. Farmers experienced loss in good pricing for crops, increased taxes, and increased debts (Koven and Götzke, 57). As a result, farmers were forced to make choices on how to limit costs and reduction on the cost of wages was one of such options they made. The result was that workers were not able to find well paying jobs and the conditions became extremely bad. Wages fell in every part of the nation including in the sugar beets of Colorado and California. Migrants in Texas obtained wages of between $275 and $ 500 that was hundreds of dollars way much below what was offered initially. They merely survived. Apart from the low wages, workers lived under bad living conditions as some farm workers were sheltered in shanties, shacks, chicken coops, barns, and portable wagons. In fact, some even lived in the open fields such as the workers living in the undesignated camps. They got separated from the communities and were considered as outcasts. The racial immigrants were not accepted by the local communities and thus were discriminated (Koven and Götzke, 61).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The reality of American dream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The governmental legislation and programs did not recognize immigrant workers. For this reason, they struggled to find deals that could address their financial and socioeconomic needs. A historian called Cindy Hahamovitch stated that the worker s were considered as stateless (Hahamovitch, 23). They were treated differently from the workers that joined organized unions to bargain as a union. They were also not recognized by the 1935 National Industrial Labor Act that covered the agricultural workers. Later on in 1938, the Congress passed a Fair Labor Standards Act that regulated the workers’ wages. This legislation exempted the agricultural workers. The rural Americans used different ideologies that prevented them from benefiting from legislation that could protect them. Even the legislations that were passed later to address the problems of the rural America failed to protect the migrant workers. Even the Agricultural Adjustment Act worsened their situations as many immigrants lost their jobs when the crop yield plunged (Gabaccia, 39). The use of the machinery by farmers also contributed to job losses for the immigrants as less manual labor was required. The establishment of the resettlement administration may have been the only way that benefited them. It was later called farm security administration that ensured that workers were housed. School, laundry, health and adult education initiatives were established. The resettlement must have released the immigrant workers, but they were still facing a battle of racism from both private and public agencies. These agencies maintained a low and vulnerable workforce. The Mexican and the Mexican American were most affected especially during the great depression as most of them got banned from public projects. They were blamed for the depression that resulted in most of them being deported back to Mexico. This was facilitated by the relief charities and the municipal movements (Gabaccia, 47). Results Even with exclusion from the national relations labor act thousands of the migrant workers joined unions and participated in strikes for better wages and improved living conditions. The number of unions and strikes increased. Stuart Jamieson said that, in 1932, he witnessed ten strikes involving about 3200 workers.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He went on and mentioned that the following year over 56,000 workers in 17 different states participated in at least sixty one strikes. Several unions represented the agriculture workers by 1935. The Midwest and the east experienced many strikes than other parts of the US like California. Although immigrant workers were discriminated and considered as outcasts and discriminated, they were always motivated to make new deals and push forces to better their own situations (Blegen and Commager, 32). Conclusion Still, there are immigrants workers in the United States than the number in the early 1900. The working condition of legal immigrants has improved with time. The United States is one of the most targeted destinations for immigrants from any part of the world more than any other country in the world. The early immigrants used the unions to fight for their rights. Today, legal migrants are protected by the law just as the United States citizens. Therefore, the working conditions are quite favorable. Therefore, the nation is attracting immigrants from the neighboring countries especially from Mexico. Thus, the country has the capacity to monitor its borders to control cross border movement and ensure the general security of the country. Works Cited Blegen, Theodore C, and Henry S. Commager. Immigration and American History: Essays in Honor of Theodore C. Blegen. Minneapolis: Minnesota U.P, 1961. Print. Gabaccia, Donna R. Immigration and American Diversity: A Social and Cultural History. Malden, Mass. [u.a.: Blackwell, 2002. Print. Hahamovitch, Cindy. The Fruits of Their Labor: Atlantic Coast Farmworkers and the Making of Migrant Poverty, 1870-1945. Chapel Hill [u.a.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997. Print. Koven, Steven G, and Frank Götzke. American Immigration Policy: Confronting the Nation’s Challenges. New York: Springer, 2010. Print. Parker, Lewis K. Why Italian Immigrants Came to America. New York: PowerKids Press, 2003. Print. Sinclair, Upt on. The Jungle. United States: Filiquarian Pub, 2008. Print. This research paper on The reality of American dream was written and submitted by user Retr0G1rl to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Asian Americans And Schizophrenia Social Work Essay Essays

Asian Americans And Schizophrenia Social Work Essay Essays Asian Americans And Schizophrenia Social Work Essay Essay Asian Americans And Schizophrenia Social Work Essay Essay Soon, I work at Community Care Center handling badly mentally sick patients. A new patient of mine includes an older gentleman, named John Doe, who suffers from Schizophrenia, Paranoid type. Mr. Doe is 31 old ages old and considers himself Chinese American. Harmonizing to his charts, Mr. Doe s symptoms began in his early 20 s. Mr. Doe s symptoms include audile hallucinations and psychotic beliefs and his head ailment is that others are seeking to harm him. His intelligence is mean and Mr. Doe is insightful about his status. Harmonizing to Mr. Doe, he emigrated to the U.S. , along with his female parent and sister, during his late adolescence. He states that his male parent passed off from malignant neoplastic disease when Mr. Doe was 11. Mr. Doe s household came to the U.S. in chase of a better, more successful life than the 1 they had in China. He states that he has an 11th class instruction degree and a history of multiple hospitalizations. Mr. Doe states he did non obtain employment after high school since all his clip was spent in a tagging crew. He states he was arrested when the constabulary caught him spray painting behind a supermarket and speaking to himself. Mr. Doe denies any mental unwellness in his household, denies any substance and/or intoxicant maltreatment, and denies any sexual and/or physical maltreatment. I have merely been working with Mr. Doe for a twosome of hebdomads but in order to hold a more enriching curative experience, every bit good as larn how to modify our therapy Sessionss so they are most good for him, I need to go more culturally competent of the Chinese civilization, particularly with regard to how they view mental unwellness. In this paper, I will discourse the jobs and symptoms of Schizophrenia as viewed by the Chinese civilization, socialization, help-seeking behaviours, and discourse intervention considerations. Issues that Effect Treatment Schizophrenia: Problems and Symptoms There are different positions of schizophrenic disorder within different civilizations. The Western hallmark symptoms ( i.e. , agitation, break in societal map, hallucinations, and psychotic beliefs ) of schizophrenic disorder are non similar to what Asiatic households view as being most critical. Family award is of primary importance to Nipponese households ( Lin A ; Lin, 1980 ) . Furthermore, mental unwellness is viewed as diverting from the norm and is viewed as a dishonour to the household. Therefore, in order to protect the household s repute, Asiatic households make great attempts to hide and deny the mental unwellness from others. For Chinese households, holding a household member with mental unwellness carries shame upon the full household ( 1980 ) . Besides, holding a household member with mental unwellness creates jobs with respects to get married off a kid. The significance of the household s repute in matrimony may affect maintaining the mental unwellness a secret in ord er to transport on the household name ( 1980 ) . Delusions and audile hallucinations are recognized otherwise by Asiatic households. Alternatively of fixating on the phantasy of audile hallucinations, Asiatic households may warrant the audile hallucinations as their ascendants taking control and pass oning for the household. Lin and Lin ( 1980 ) illustrated a culture-bound syndrome called hsieh-ping, where a household member undergoes ocular and audile hallucinations, connects with an ascendant for up to many hours, and emulates the dead ascendant s behaviour. Furthermore, psychotic beliefs may be accepted by household members when the psychotic beliefs are conveyed as a concern over an infection. Westermeyer, Lytoung, Wahmenholm, and Westermeyer ( 1989 ) illustrated many instance studies in which Hmong households approved a household member s psychotic beliefs of infection from genital disease or parasites. It is important to indicate out that several Asiatic households may O.K. instead than contend psychotic symptoms. However, the Khmer will perchance insulate the person who is enduring from mental unwellness out of fright of spirit ownership ( Rangaraj, 1980 ) . Socialization Asiatic Americans are comprised of a really assorted group with over two twelve different cultural groups and significant differences in linguistic communication, economic position, instruction, in-migration position, coevals, length of abode in the United States, and proficiency in English ( Rhee, 2009 ) . As a consequence, it is hard to do generalisations about the experiences, patterns, values, and mental wellness of Asiatic Americans as if either represents a standard group. The values of any Asiatic household are regulated by their degrees of socialization. Socialization refers to the procedure of accommodating the norms of the dominant civilization ( Kim, 2007, p. 143 ) . Socialization is regulated by a figure of factors including in-migration history, economic position, educational position, household makeup, and gender. Presently, it is hypothesized that freshly immigrated Asiatic Americans will continue more traditional Asiatic cultural norms than those whose households ma y hold immigrated several old ages ago ( Kim, 2007 ) . The behavioural dimensions of socialization are observed in engagement in cultural events and linguistic communication use, while the value magnitudes of socialization include beliefs about human nature, clip orientation, and relational forms ( Kim, Ahn, A ; Lam, 2009 ) . Researchers hypothesize that persons who are biculturally competent ( i.e. , those capable of run intoing the demands of autochthonal and dominant civilizations ( Kim, 2007, p. 143 ) ) may expose superior psychological wellness than others who are non biculturally competent. Some issues encountered as a effect of in-migration, include psychological effects and ineluctable stressors. Within a household, different members of the household will acculturate at different phases. The different rates of socialization between kids and their parents can do struggles between parents and their kids ( Kim, Ahn, A ; Lam, 2009 ) . Asiatic American parents tend to obey traditional Asiatic values more strongly than their kids. Such value differences will impact both kids s and parents attitudes and determinations. Several Asiatic Americans in the U.S. have limited proficiency in the English linguistic communication ( Carrasco A ; Weiss, 2005 ) . For case, in 2000, there were over 4 million Asiatic American and Pacific Islanders in the U.S. who had Limited English Proficiency ( LEP ) , defined as persons who do non talk English really good ( Carrasco A ; Weiss, 2005, p. 8 ) . In add-on, linguistic communication ability and penchant besides affect socialization degrees. As with many immigrant kids, they may necessitate to go linguistic communication translators for their parents who are less able to understand and talk the English linguistic communication. As a consequence, this new function may show a new challenge amongst the Asiatic household since the parent may experience as if they lost some power and/or authorization ( 2005 ) . In add-on, due to different degrees of socialization, household members may hold different conceptualisations of get bying attitudes, mental wellness and unw ellness, intervention, and intervention ends ( Chun A ; Akutsu, 2009 ) . Additionally, acculturational emphasis ( i.e. , linguistic communication barriers, racism, and lowered societal position ( Kim, 2007 ) ) is a psychological effect that can perchance go on in the class of in-migration. Several Asiatic immigrants undergo many troubles upon coming to the U.S, which may include isolation, confronting a linguistic communication barrier, bead in societal position, migratory wretchedness, rawness with Western patterns, limited societal support, and inability to prosecute in common societal activities ( Rhee, 2009 ) . Acculturational emphasis intensifies a sense of hopelessness and besides may do feelings of anxiousness, disaffection, depression, individuality confusion, and enhanced psychosomatic symptoms ( Kim, 2007 ) . Acculturational emphasis is an of import impression to include when sing the Asiatic household due to the tenseness placed on the household. Keeping in head that there are differing socialization degrees with a household, a practician handling a household that is looking for professional aid demands to give their clip into constructing resonance with the household ( i.e. , prosecuting the determination shaper in the household sing intervention, and making out to widen household members ( Lee, 1997a ) ) . Since socialization degree affects communicating manner, the significance of altering socialization degrees within a household become pertinent upon first contact with the household or a household member. With Chinese American households, holding formality and a degree of interpersonal grace ( Lee, 1997a, p. 66 ) are critical for bring forthing a positive working relationship. Additionally, socialization degree will act upon the comfort degree a household member has with regard to changing degrees of oculus contact. In more traditional households, staring is considered ill-mannered and inappropriate ( Lee, 1997b ) . A lternatively, gentle oculus contact that moves off from the individual who is talking is preferred ( 1997b, p. 488 ) . Using non-blaming linguistic communication or hedging direct confrontation are two ways that may better communicating with less acculturated household members ( Lee, 1997a ) . Acculturation degree is non merely of import to see during rapport-building, but socialization degree is besides of import to see during the assessment procedure ( Kinoshita A ; Hsu, 2007 ) . Early appraisal of the Asiatic American household s degree of socialization offers a footing that can direct the practician s thought procedure ( 2007 ) . Specific instruments have been developed to mensurate socialization for Asiatic populations ( 2007 ) . Measures measuring loss of face, cultural values, cultural individuality, and socialization can besides be utile as such constructs are frequently linked to the patient s socialization degree. Help-Seeking Behaviors The help-seeking behaviour of Asiatic Americans can be explained as a procedure: initial denial, attempts of hiding the unwellness within the household and extended household or community, usage of traditional healing methods, recommendation to a doctor, loath attempts to use hospitalization or psychiatric interventions, and rejection of the affected household member ( Lin A ; Lin, 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Cheung ( 1987 ) , one time the issue is accepted, Asiatic households exhibit three different forms for get bying with mental unwellness. Asiatic households who view psychosis as being strictly psychological are more prone to prorogue seeking outside aid. However, Asiatic households who view psychosis as being strictly bodily, or both psychological and bodily, are more prone to seeking outside aid. Furthermore, Asiatic households who view psychosis as being strictly bodily are more prone to seeking practicians of traditional medical specialty. Therefore, depending on the form of get bying, mental wellness audience can be postponed by months or even old ages. Aid seeking pattern behaviours can be modified by socialization. For case, people in Japan consult common people therapists, whereas Nipponese Americans do non normally consult folk therapists ( Fujii et al. , 1993 ) . Nipponese subjects raised near urban countries may be increasingly westernized around aid seeking, but in the rural countries Nipponese subjects first seek exterior aid ( i.e. , priest and herbal medical specialties ) . Consulting a head-shrinker is still viewed as a last hope. Furthermore, Nipponese patients and their households are non likely to inquiry upon the doctor s decisions ( McDonald-Scott et al. , 1992 ) . Aid seeking by Asians can hold unexpected consequences. Harmonizing to Lin, Tardiff, Donetz, and Goresky ( 1978 ) , Chinese immigrant households in Canada displayed help-seeking behaviour illustrated by relentless efforts to undertake the issue of mental unwellness within the household puting. Consequences of the survey indicated that the household pursued medical attending merely when the household puting proved uneffective. Treatment Considerations To successfully handle and measure Asiatic patients with schizophrenic disorder, I must foremost see my patients in the context of their relationships with their society and more significantly, their household. Treatment of an Asiatic patient enduring from schizophrenic disorder must basically include consideration of the household s attitudes toward schizophrenic disorder and the household s concern over their repute within their society. In working with Asiatic schizophrenic patients, it is equivalent that I understand how the mental unwellness is regarded by the household, the Asiatic society, and the patient. By understanding these positions, my curative confederation with my patient will be established. Acknowledging what causes these jobs, what the household characterizes as jobs, and how the household discusses and seeks service for these issues are all critical affairs in making a curative confederation to ease a culturally sensitive psychiatric intervention and appraisal.

Free sample - The Battle of Algiers Movie Review. translation missing

The Battle of Algiers Movie Review. The Battle of Algiers Movie ReviewThesis Statement of Purpose: Verbatim report of research assignment. The Battle of Algiers: Movie Review Description of the movie The Battle of Algiers is a classic 1965 year movie based on the events of the Algerian War (1954-1962) and filmed by the Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo by the sketchy screenplay written by the former Algerian political leader Saadi Yasef with a script co-written by Franco Solinas, the Italian writer. In the original movie version there was a disclaimer: â€Å"Not one foot of newsreel or documentary film has been used.†(Johnson), however, the movie has a perfectly documentary nature. It was made black white to increase the viewer’s impression of facing the reality and not the choreographically set scenes. The movie was filmed in the natural sceneries of Algiers of 1965 and most of the cast were chosen from the non-professional Algerians picked up for their typical appearance and emotional effect. The language of the film is French and Arabic, and its latest release with English soundtrack and English subtitles was issued by Criterion Collection in a 3-disc DVD set, including interviews with the members of FLN and the discussion of Battle of Algiers's depiction of terrorism and guerilla realities by the USA counter-terrorism advisors and film directors. Exposition The movie opens with the scene of French soldiers brutally torturing an aged Algerian man and finally forcing him to agree to show them the location of Ali la Puente , the last alive member of the General Staff of FLN, the rebellion movement they are determined to destroy. The tormented man is trembling of pain and shame; the tears are running down on his cheeks, suddenly he rushes to a window trying to escape, but the soldiers catch him and force to follow them. The next scene shows the occupation of the house where Ali la Puente found refuge, soldiers drive out men and women to the hall, and the tortured traitor, dressed in the French military uniform, shows the place where La Puente is hiding with three of his companions-in-arms, one of who is a teenage boy. French soldiers are convincing them to surrender, but they stay silent and are waiting for death. The camera shows their faces – a very young man, a woman with a dark and resolute face, a boy and finally Ali la Puente himself, his eyed flashing with rage and bitter contempt. In this moment the vision becomes blurred and the film retraces to the past of the Algerian revolution and history of FLN formation, showing the viewer some random realities of treatment of Arabs by pied noirs: several French young men trip running Ali just for having fun of seeing him to fall, of French commissar provoking FLN activists by setting a bomb in one of the sleeping quarters, pied noirs enraged a fter the explosion attacking a small Arab child in a street and so on. Characters The Battle of Algiers is based on true events; nevertheless, there are used composite characters together with those depicting historical personalities. One of these composite characters is â€Å"Colonel Philippe Mathieu†, commanding the 10th Airborne Division that arrived to Algiers on the 10th of January, 1957 to organize the fight against rebel activity. He participated in campaigns in Italy and Normandy, was a member of an anti-Nazi resistance movement, and took part in the Indochina war. This character is a composite of several French officers, especially Jacques Massu and Marcel Bigeard (Maxey). This character is played by the only French actor in the cast, Jean Martin, who, ironically, was fired from the French theatre for signing a manifesto against Algerian war. Colonel Mathieu seems to be a decent soldier who is performing his duty (â€Å"We are soldiers, our duty is to win†), dissecting a problem into structural parts and trying to solve it in the most ration al way, isolating and destroying the active minority of rebellious Arabs. Though disliking the police aspect of fight against the revolution, he introduces the measures of total investigation and â€Å"exhausting† interrogations, that is to say, tortures. He states that the success is in the result if these methods. The FLN members are allowed to disclose the secret data only in 24 hours after arrest, which enables FLN to make any data irrelevant by this time. That is why the soldiers have to use other methods than common civil law procedures. Colonel Mathieu, though elegant and noble, seems to be a person who cut off his human qualities and turned into an icy machine to perform his duty.   The key character of the movie is Ali La Puente, one of the leaders of FLN, played by Brahim Haggiag, an illiterate Algerian selected for his character heroic appearance of a strong and passionate personality, and several times in the movie an accent is made on his eyes. Ali La Puente was imprisoned several times for minor crimes and vandalism, and upon his release was recruited by FLN. To ensure that he was not a spy or a traitor, he was ordered to assassinate a French policeman. In the recollections of Saadi Yasef (a prototype and a performer of the role of Jaffar) Ali La Puente appears a person of extraordinary courage, but also precise, practical and just. â€Å"After each of †¦ actions he was conscious of having carried out a doubly useful task. In fact, on one hand he eliminated a slyly effective enemy of the organization; on the other he increasingly liberated the inhabitants of the Casbah - they who were also daily victims of the often brutal conduct of these auxiliari es of the police - from fear†. (History of Algerian Independence).   Ali is a personification of thousands Muslim people crying for liberty and rights, in his eyes there is the unforgettable sharp feeling of rage and suffer, here he is truly a hero of his time.   Another prominent character of the movie is El-Hadi Jaffar, also the member of the FLN General Staff. This is a fictional character, based on the personality of Saadi Yasef, who himself also performed this role in the movie. Jaffar is presented as an intellectual inspirer and tactic organizer of all rebellious actions, including the 8-day strike in Casbah. The real Saadi Yasef was an organizer of the military wing of the Algeria National Front (Roth) and he physically conducted and led all the events that are depicted in the movie. The Battle of Algiers is based on his notes that he wrote on an envelope when he was imprisoned and spent five years in jail. (Roth). Saadi Yasef states that under those circumstances there was no another way either for French soldiers than to imply tortures, and no way for Algiers population than to react by violence to violence. Besides, french tortures caused in massive recruitment of Algerian people, which produced a strong impact to the destabilizatio n of France. Larbi Ben M’Hidi, who is now considered a National Hero in Algeria, is also an important character in the movie. He was a prominent Algerian leader, one of the headquarters of FLN, and was captured, tortured and executed by the French paratroopers in 1957. In The Battle of Algiers he is depicted as a strong personality, a political and war leader, possessing invincible will and charisma. In the scene of the press conference with Ben M’Hidi in the 4th of March, 1957, he behaves with a sense of incredible dignity and is even able to make bitter jokes, which surely causes respect towards the moral fiber and courage of this man, so strongly devoted to his ideals and his people. In the ranks of the Algerian revolutionaries there were women as well as men. In the movie veiled Muslim women hide in their wicker baskets guns for the assassinators performing hit-and-run attacks on policemen and soldiers. One of the strongest scenes on the film is the scene where three women, Djamila, Zohra, and Hassiba (one of those who joined in death to Ali La Puente), change their traditional clothes concealing all the face and body according to the Muslim laws and religion to the European skirts and blouses and even flippant trousers to pass French checkpoints unsearched, carrying bombs. One of these women even cuts her long black hair and dyes it light, another takes her son with her. They leave their handbags with bombs in a cafe, full of people, in a bar, where dozens of young people are drinking and dancing, and in the office of Air France. They see people - all civilian, practically innocent people - passengers awaiting their planes, aged people drinking coffee and talki ng, teenagers dancing, a diffident boy who is afraid to invite a girl to dance, and - as a culmination - a small child licking ice-cream - all this to be blown up in several minutes. One can only guess what might these three women feel - but nevertheless, they leave the bombs and go away, and there are dozens of victims, and blood, and fear. Petit Omar is a small hero of the Algerian War, a street urchin and a FLN messenger, who then becomes one of the most devoted fellow-soldiers of Ali La Puente and is executed by the French soldiers together with him. He is probably an embodiment of all Muslim children of Algiers of that time, maybe not understanding political motives and reasons, but strong in their hate to the enemy who killed their loved ones, and that is why devoted to the cause of the revolution. Analysis of the movie Plot Lines and Themes The film, subsidized by Algerian government, was originally intended as a part of propaganda for anti-colonialism. In 1965, the time of the movie filming, the Algerian War was still fresh for pubic, as Algerian independence was proclaimed only three years ago, in 1962, after 8 years of struggle. The movie that began as a sketchy screenplay written by Saadi Yasef in prison nowadays became one of the so-called training films for Pentagon officers for them to understand the regularities and rules of partisan war and ways of struggle against world terrorism. However, Saadi Yasef himself in his interview to Diplomatic License states that â€Å"the style, the urban guerilla style, the Chinese style, the Latin American style, South American style, did not have the same human elements, geographic elements or social elements. There is nothing comparable. So Algeria really has nothing in common with all of that†. (Roth). To make the events of the Battle of Algiers more personal and to create a single plot line, the creators of the movie concentrate the attention on Ali La Puente as the personification of the rebellious spirit, and partially the story is told as witnessed by his eyes. The camera focused on his face, as if carved out of stone, and his short biography of an ordinary street criminal is told, but nevertheless it is clearly felt that he is deemed to play the great role in the story of Algerian revolution.   After the stories of Ali La Puente, Jaffar, Larbi Ben M’Hidi and three women who carried bombs, another subtle plot line is a story of a young Algerian couple, both of them belonging to FLN. The scene of their wedding ceremony comes shortly after the scene of Algerian children kicking and mocking the alcoholic, as due to FLN propaganda alcoholism, prostitution and selling drugs in Casbah were considered illegal and such that undermine health and fighting capability of Algerians. The wedding ceremony is conducted by Larbi Ben M’Hidi himself and the marriage is registered by FLN. The bride, Fatiha, is very young, almost a girl, and so young is her chosen one, Mahmud. He will be one of those who will join Ali La Puente in death, blown up in their hiding place. There is a short prayer, the newly married sign their names, and then - another prayer, the voices of many people standing not only in the room where the marriage took place, but also in the yard, on the roofs of hou ses, join into a rhythmic choir, This prayer flows over the dirty and ragged walls of Casbah to the lighted streets and rich white houses of the European quarters. Despite its seeming simplicity, it is a very strong scene, showing the viewer the connection between FLN and civilian people of Algiers, unanimously determined to win their freedom and their right for own culture and religion.  Ã‚   Propaganda and Tortures Constant attacks on policemen and police stations keep French population of Algiers in terror. The Government is trying to introduce measures to control terrorism, such as reporting about people with gunshot wounds in hospitals and blocking entrances to the Muslim quarters of city at night and installing there police checkpoints in the daytime. Then women start carrying guns under their veils, guns can be hidden in the fruit baskets and can appear in a hand of an Algerian teenager. Yes, this is terrorism, but after the explosion of the bomb set in a Casbah sleeping quarter by French, when a viewer sees Algerian man carrying the mutilated bodies of children out of the ruined house, the crying and screaming women searching for their loved ones in the ruins, after that it is easier to apprehend the motives of FLN members setting bombs in public places. Either in guerilla or in civil war propaganda is one of the most effective ways of influence on the society and public opinion. As The Battle of Algiers is a reconstruction of the real events, this movie can be chosen as an example of such influence. Really, propagandistic appeals to the Muslim population of Algiers sounding from the megaphones in the casbah streets are a part of the natural background of these years’ city life. Such appeals have destructive strength that is hard to exaggerate, because they are intruding into thoughts of each single person, changing opinion and causing doubt in what they used to believe, especially if such propagandistic appeals were competently composed. French radio emissions in casbah contain nothing except lists of names of those who were recently arrested and killed, but considering the structure of FLN, it could be one of the best ways to convince people that hear familiar names of that the organization is on its last legs and to persuad e them to collaborate with police. One can never say now how well this worked; taking in account that fact that the police still had to imply the most severe tortures to force the arrested to disclose their fellow-soldiers. Later appeals become more persuading and non-compromising, directly stating that FLN is disorganized and the battle is lost, and convincing Muslim citizens to step under the protection of French army. In the movie these words sound in the background of frightening scenes of Algerian people standing with their faces to the walls and searched by the policemen, dead bodies lying in the streets and – there is a tear-stained Muslim child, watching a soldier to search a killed man. Propaganda can work only if it is supported by real actions, at least partially, but never if it fully contradicts the reality. Besides, people are always more likely to believe propaganda that corresponds their convictions and that is issued by someone from their own side. The strong scene of the movie is when Petit Omar steals a microphone from a police officer in the checkpoint on the 6th day of the strike. The officer was reading the text stating that FLN impedes normal prosperous life of casbah people and that France is their real motherland, all this in the background of Algerian women searching their probably arrested or killed sons and husbands in the rows of men coming back from work in the European quarters. No one believes this French propaganda, no one listens to it. But then Omar steals the microphone, and his ardent appeal to his compatriots sounds above the rows of the exhausted and despaired people – an appeal to resist and to believe in their future freedom, and this is met by the immediate furious support of people, a frightening scream of women, sending shivers down the spine, and this can not be stopped by fear of guns and arrest. This proves once more that propaganda, despite its obvious effectiveness, can not work well if it meets st rong resistance of the antagonizing population. Tortures are another important theme and problem of the movie. On the part of the French headquarters, the use of tortures seems to be justified by the necessity to get information from the arrested members of FLN as quick as possible, taking in account that fact that the police can not linger and use common methods of civil investigation while bombs are exploding in the city quarters and dozens of victims die every day. And they implied burning hot iron, waterboarding, hanging people upside down and electric shocks, and for sure, they got information, figuring out members of FLN and defining its structure. After the series of such "investigations" (Webber, Chapter 3), FLN headquarters were forced to leave the capital, and this was the first victory of France. But there was also the opposite result: these tortures completely destroyed the image of France as a democratic country and caused massive voluntary recruitment of Algerians to the ranks of FLN. Saadi Yasef says in his interview to Diplomatic License:   â€Å"I don't see how the French Army could have acted in any other way under the circumstances. We simply had to accept this fact of torture [†¦.] Automatically there was a massive recruitment as a result [†¦]. When you killed someone, 10 more recruits flocked to our side. So we needed this kind of torture, this brutality, to destabilize France, eliminate the 4th Republic, and everything else involved in terms of brutality and cruelty†(Roth). Implying tortures also caused great scandal in French society, which is almost not shown in the movie. Several brochures of the re-called reservists in Algeria were published generally in 1957, disclosing for the French public the real nature of Algerian conflict, despite the veil of secrecy and censorship. The publications in journals and newspapers involved intellectuals that soon formed networks fighting against human rights violations. The significant example of the mood of certain spheres of French society could be a phrase of the anti-colonialist historian Robert Bonnaud: "If France's honor can go along with these acts of torture, then France is a country without honor."(Webber, Chapter 3). Sometimes while watching a movie a question may appear: is the Algerian independence worth all this? Algeria had been a French colony for 130 years by that moment, so was there a reason to start a revolution? This paper is not dedicated to the reasons of Algerian War, but here is just a logical remark: people do not start rebellious actions if they have economic and cultural freedom. The obtrusive politics of France and nationalistic behavior of â€Å"pied noirs† caused indignation and insurrection, and probably there was no another way to solve the conflict except guerilla. The movie was filmed with an attempt to show the events from the neutral point of view. In fact, in such a movie there can not be any neutrality. There are two parties fighting against each other, each applying methods that have nothing in common with humanity and morality. In fact, there is no difference, whose children – French or Algerian - are pulled out of the ruins; there is no difference, with whose blood the stones of the city streets are soaked. The thing is in that any violence has its subsequences, either fear and submission, or resistance and even stronger violence, and this second effect we actually see in the events of Algerian war. Glossary of Key Terms Algerian War - a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. Casbah - specifically the citadel of Algiers in Algeria and the traditional quarter clustered around it. FLN (transliterated: Jabhat at-Ta?rir al-Watani, French: Front de Libà ©ration Nationale, hence FLN)   -   a socialist political party in Algeria. It was set up on November 1, 1954 as a merger of other smaller groups, to obtain independence for Algeria from France. Guerilla - a form of irregular warfare and refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians (or "irregulars") use military tactics, like ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately. Paratroopers - soldiers trained in parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. Pieds-Noirs - a term used to refer to colonists of French Algeria until the Algerian independence in 1962. Specifically, Pieds-Noirs were French nationals, including those of European descent, Sephardic Jews and settlers from other European countries such as Spain, Italy and Malta, who were born in Algeria. Propaganda - a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. Appendix 1. Map of Algeria at the time of the war 2. Information about France and Algeria  Ã‚     Languages   Religions  Currency  France  French  Christian  Francs  Algeria  Arabic and French  Muslim  Francs   3. Algerian War Numbers: Casualties and Losses: Algeria: 153,000 dead, 160,000 wounded, 1,500,000 dead according to the Algerian government; France: 25,600 dead, 65,000 wounded.

Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases Essay

Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases - Essay Example The essay "Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases" talks about the effectiveness operation of Hong Kong's criminal law in murder and manslaughter cases. However, not all unlawful killings amount to the crime. The criminal suspects will not be culpable if the Actus reus and Mens rea of the two capital offenses cannot be proved. Unintentional killing or killing that can be partially or completely excused does not amount murder but may amount to manslaughter. The defense must present their case within these parameters. Despite the similarity between the handling of murder and manslaughter cases in Hong Kong and England, there is a lack of consensus in the former’s application of Mens rea. This was evident in House of Lords A-G’s Reference (No. 3 of 1994) ([1998] AC 245). In the case, the defense resorted to provocation and diminishing responsibility. Provocation should be more clearly defined to shade more light on its use as a defense. Diminishing responsibility, on the other hand, can be entered in cases where a defendant carried out murder due to a natural abnormality in the mind. Insanity is an important, complete defense that often leads to acquittal or lesser sentencing of criminal suspects involved in a murder. Killings resulting from self-defense normally top the list of cases that are argued under complete defense. These have led many defendants to be acquitted of the murder charges they face. Other exceptional cases in which a â€Å"guilty mind† is not proved may attract complete defense.... Killings resulting from self-defence normally top the list of cases that are argued under complete defence9. These have led many defendants to be acquitted of the murder charges they face10. Other exceptional cases in which a â€Å"guilty mind† is not proved may attract complete defence:11 for example, a teacher who kills a child through corporal punishment under parental authority12. In such cases, the defence is the lack of â€Å"guilty mind,† regardless of the murder impact13. In view of this, Hong Kong’s Mens rea as defence should be repealed to weed out chances of a mind that is not guilty employing a lethal response to milder situations14. Medical practitioners can also cite double effect as defence against murder charges preferred against them for deaths caused in the line of duty15. By administering a poisonous pain reliever, for instance, the resulting patient’s death cannot be completely blamed on the doctor because the patient’s suffering may provoke such a remedy16. The law should be repealed to specify that only when the pain is chronic pain should a physician administer lethal painkillers and evade murder charges if his or her actions result in death. The law is clear on whether marital coercion can be an act of provocation or diminishing responsibility. This was witnessed in HKSAR v NANCY ANN KISSEL FACC No 2 of 2009 case, in which, the court overruled the defence on such grounds, arguing that alleged violence in marriage, and impending divorce fails to meet the test for diminishing responsibility. This test should be upheld, because some victims-turned-suspected murderers may have induced their abuse by their partner in some way17. Partial defences Murder cases are normally reduced to manslaughter through partial defence. The verdict on

Speech Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speech Topic - Essay Example Hanson (2012) research explains that marijuana is a special drug that gives people the motivation to perform better. The drug has the power to boost the confidence of people and make them achieve their goals. So it acts as a good source of motivation for people who are generally shy or finding it hard to cope up at work place. The audience needs to be informed about this so that they know the wonders it can do to people in work place. Not only does it motivate people but it also makes them feel happy and contented with their life as researched by Steve (2011). The audience must be informed that marijuana does not harm any organ of the body in fact the drug has the ability to make cheer people up. The ancient Hindus used marijuana for the very purpose of cheering themselves and scientists believe that the drug contains ingredients that could make a person self-relieved and contented in pressure situations (Steve, 2011). To make a shift from informative to persuasive the speech has to be more convincing to persuade the audience in realizing that it is not only harmless but also useful to legalize marijuana. One way to do this is by giving evidence as suggested by Earleywine (2007). The cost of prohibiting marijuana alone mounts up to 8 billion US dollars each year. The government of the US has been unsuccessful in prohibiting its use and there is no record of the unnecessary money spent on it. If the government cannot stop the drug from entering the streets and consumer drug market then there is no point in placing restrictions and spending millions of dollars on it. It would be much better if people are left with the choice of consuming it as it would not only save government some fair amount of money but it would also give people their free right of choosing a product that is considered harmless when used intelligently. Furthermore it is also

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable Essay example -- Oth

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable?  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean drama Othello is recognized by literary critics, with few exceptions, as having a universal appeal. What are the reasons for this universality?    The universality of the play perhaps depends on the universal appeal of its main characters, for example Iago the antagonist. In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman explains the universality of the antagonist:    As the spiritual have-not, Iago is universal, that is, many things at once, and of many times at once. He is our contemporary, and the special instances of his temper and style – as distinct from the Iagoism to which all men are liable – will be clear to whoever is alert to Shakespeare’s abundant formulations. Seen in limited and stereotyped form, he is the villain of all melodrama. He is Elizabethan – as Envy or Machiavel. And to go further back still, we see in how many parts of Dante’s Inferno he might appear. He could be placed among the angry and violent. But his truer place is down among those who act in fraud and malice – the lowest category of sinner who on earth had least of spiritual substance and relied most on wit. (342)    To the modern audience the play’s biggest shortcoming may be the inability of the audience to relate to the protagonist. In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains why the modern audience has difficulty identifying with the protagonist in this play:    Othello’s need to kill Cassio and Desdemona belongs only to him; not only because we know it to be deluded, but because the nature and extent of the delusion is such that we cannot imagine ourselves becoming involved in it. We cannot ju... ... Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    -- -- --.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.       Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.   

Odysseus Is a Strong Leader

Odysseus is a strong leader. Odysseus is a strong leader shown by many characteristics. To prove he is a strong leader I will be using determined, intelligent and loyal characteristics. In the myth Scylla and Charybdis it proves Odysseus is determined. It shows he is determined because all though it was difficult to get through he still had faith that they could make it passed Scylla and Charybdis and get home. â€Å"Odysseus knew that they would all be dragged down if they got too close to Charybdis.So he sipped around her, always keeping her in view† gives evidence how determined he was to get passed them while knowing he could be risking not only his life but his men life. Determination makes him a strong leader because if he would’ve given up he would be a weak leader, and to be a strong leader you have to have faith and keep trying. The Sirens shows how Odysseus is an intelligent. This myth proves he is intelligent because he thinks of a plan for himself and his me n to get passed The Sirens without dying. Odysseus told his men about them and that the only way to pass them safely was for each man to stop his ears with wax† shows the plan Odysseus thought about before passing through. Intelligent makes him a strong leader because if he didn’t have plans he wouldn’t be able to come up with the plan to survive or to get home. In the myth Aiolos and the Bag of Wind proves how Odysseus is loyal to his men. It shows how though his men didn’t trust him he still stood with them and wanted to get home.The myth says â€Å"Aiolos helps by putting all the stormy winds into a bag so they will not harm Odysseus and his men or blow them off course. During the voyage, suspicious and curious sailors open the bag thinking it is treasure† clarifies the men did not trust Odysseus. Loyalty makes him a strong leader because people follow him and leaders don’t give up on their men when they know they don’t trust him. T hese three myths prove how Odysseus is a Strong leader throughout his adventures with his men. .